2020年2月12日 星期三

Get Ready to Leap 閏不閏 大學問


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2020/02/11 第448期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份直接訂閱
 

Get Ready to Leap  閏不閏 大學問
by Daniel Howard


    

  Though the typical calendar has 365 days, it actually takes the Earth about 365.25 days to fully orbit the sun. A little basic math shows that every four years, there's an __1__ day. To avoid the calendar getting out of sync with the actual orbital period of the Earth, we __2__ a 29th day to February every fourth year, with some rare exceptions.
  The phenomenon of having additional days, weeks, or months to __3__ that leap day is common throughout ancient calendars. A leap year on the modern Gregorian calendar, which was developed based on the Julian calendar, __4__ every four years. Chinese and Hebrew calendars, which are both __5__ and solar, have a whole leap month. The Islamic calendar, however, doesn't use the leap year at all.
  Since it's a special event, there are unsurprisingly many traditions associated with leap years and, especially, leap days. In some cultures, the leap year is __6__ to be lucky. In others, like Italy and Russia, it's the opposite. In fact, there's an old Taiwanese tradition of a married daughter serving pig trotter noodles to her parents to protect them from __7__. Regardless of good or bad luck, leap years are considered unusual times. In many European countries, for example, the leap year was a time when women could propose to men. Mostly, this was __8__ to only February 29, but in some cases, women could propose all year. As the tradition evolved, it changed to include "penalties" for refusing a woman's __9__ of marriage. In the UK, it's common to gift a woman with a pair of gloves if the man is __10__ a proposal. In Denmark, it's 12 pairs of gloves. Why gloves? They are to hide the fact that the woman is not wearing an engagement ring.
(A) offer (B) occurs (C) add (D) giving away
(E) extra (F) supposed (G) lunar (H) misfortune
(I) turning down (J) restricted (K) holds (L) accommodate

leap vi. & n. 跳躍
 a leap day / month / year  閏日/閏月/閏年
Gregorian calendar  公曆
solar a. 太陽的;和太陽有關的
married a. 已婚的
trotter n.(供食用的)豬蹄
gift vt.(正式)贈送 & n. 禮物

(A) offer n. 提供;提議 & vt. 提供;出價 & vi.(向神)祈禱/獻祭
• I must say the offer of a trip to Hawaii free of charge is very attractive.
我必須說免費去夏威夷旅行的提議非常吸引人。
(B) occur vi. 出現;發生
• Earthquakes occur quite frequently in this area, so make sure you know what to do in case of one.
這個地區經常發生地震,所以務必要知道萬一地震來臨時該怎麼做。
(C) add vt. 添加 & vi. 相加;增加
add A to B  把 A 加到 B 中
• Meg always adds a lot of sugar to her coffee because she likes it really sweet.
梅格總是加很多糖到咖啡中,因為她喜歡喝很甜的咖啡。
(D) give away... / give... away  贈送/分發……
• Bill bought a new bike, so he gave away his old one.
比爾買了新腳踏車,所以把舊的那輛送人了。
(E) extra a. 額外的 &
n. 另外收費的事物;臨時演員 & adv. 額外地
• We will have an extra 20 guests at the banquet tonight.
我們今晚的宴會將多出二十位賓客。
(F) supposed a. 傳聞的;假定的
suppose vt. 認為;假定
be supposed to V  被認為……;應該(做)……
• This restaurant is supposed to be the best in town.
這家餐廳被認為是鎮上最棒的。
• You are not supposed to wear jeans to such a formal meeting.
你不應該穿牛仔褲去這麼正式的會議。
(G) lunar a. 月亮的;與月亮有關的
• According to Chinese tradition, the 7th month in the lunar calendar is Ghost Month.
根據中國傳統,農曆七月是鬼月。
(H) misfortune n. 厄運,不幸
• Austin had the misfortune of breaking his leg last week.
奧斯丁上週不幸摔斷了腿。
(I) turn down... / turn... down  
拒絕……;降低……(音量、光線等)
• Ann invited me to dinner, but I had to turn her down because I was too busy.
小安邀我去吃晚餐,但因為我太忙,所以只好回絕她。
(J) restricted a. 限定的,受限制的
restrict vt. 限制,約束
be restricted to N/V-ing  僅限於……
• Admittance to nightclubs is restricted to people over the age of 18.
夜店僅限年滿十八歲的人入場。
(K) hold vt. 舉行;握住 &
vi. 支撐(重量);繼續適用 & n. 握住;控制
• The editorial meeting will be held at three o'clock this afternoon.
編輯會議將於今天下午三點鐘舉行。
(L) accommodate
vt. 容納;遷就;配合,迎合 & vi. 適應,順應
• This auditorium can accommodate up to 3,000 people.
這座體育館可容納多達三千人。
• Our new service can accommodate a wide range of requirements.
我們的新服務可以迎合各種需求。

1. A little basic math shows that every four years, there's an extra day.
理由
a. 空格前有不定冠詞 an,而空格後有名詞 day(天),故知空格應置入母音開頭的形容詞以修飾 day。
b. 選項中僅有 (E) extra 符合條件,置入後表一點基本的數學計算就能看出每四年會「多出」一天,可知答案應選 (E)。

2. To avoid the calendar getting out of sync with the actual orbital period of the Earth, we add a 29th day to February every fourth year, with some rare exceptions.
理由
a. 空格前有代名詞 we,而空格後有名詞詞組 a 29th day(第二十九天),故知空格應置入複數及物動詞或片語動詞。
b. 選項中有 (A) offer、(C) add、(F) supposed、(J) restricted 及 (L) accommodate 符合條件,根據語意,為了避免日曆和地球實際的運行軌道週期不同步,我們每隔四年就會在二月「加上」第二十九天,且符合 "add A to B" 的用法,可知答案應選 (C)。

3. The phenomenon of having additional days, weeks, or months to accommodate that leap day is common throughout ancient calendars.
理由
a. 空格前有引導不定詞片語的 to,而空格後有名詞詞組 that leap day(那一個閏日),故知空格應置入原形及物動詞或片語動詞。
b. 選項中尚有 (A) offer 及 (L) accommodate 符合條件,根據語意,為了「容納」那一個閏日而加進額外天數、週數或月分的現象在古代曆法之中很常見,可知答案應選 (L)。

4. A leap year on the modern Gregorian calendar, which was developed based on the Julian calendar, occurs every four years.
理由
a. 空格前有作主詞的名詞詞組 A leap year(一次閏年)及 which 所引導的形容詞子句,而空格後有表時間的片語副詞 every four years(每四年),故知空格應置入第三人稱單數不及物動詞或片語動詞。
b. 選項中有 (B) occurs 及 (K) holds 符合條件,根據語意,現代的公曆根據儒略曆發展而來,每四年就會「出現」一次閏年,可知答案應選 (B)。

5. Chinese and Hebrew calendars, which are both lunar and solar, have a whole leap month.
理由
a. 本題測試對等連接詞片語 "both A and B" 的用法,此片語用以連接對等的單字、片語或子句。由 and 後的形容詞 solar(太陽的)可知,空格應置入形容詞以和 solar 形成對等。
b. 選項中尚有 (F) supposed、(G) lunar 及 (J) restricted 符合條件,根據語意,中國農曆和希伯來曆兩者皆為「陰」陽合曆,可知答案應選 (G)。

6. In some cultures, the leap year is supposed to be lucky.
理由
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 is,而空格後有不定詞片語 to be lucky(是幸運的),故知空格應置入名詞、形容詞或分詞。
b. 剩餘選項皆符合條件,根據語意,在一些文化中,閏年「被認為」會帶來好運,且符合 "be supposed to V" 的用法,可知答案應選 (F)。

7. In fact, there's an old Taiwanese tradition of a married daughter serving pig trotter noodles to her parents to protect them from misfortune.
理由
a. 空格前有介詞 from,故知空格應置入名詞。
b. 選項中尚有 (A) offer、(H) misfortune 及 (K) holds 符合條件,根據語意,臺灣有個古老傳統是,嫁出去的女兒為父母奉上豬腳麵線以保護他們免於「厄運」,可知答案應選 (H)。

8. Mostly, this was restricted to only February 29, but in some cases, women could propose all year.
理由
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 was,而空格後有介詞 to,故知空格應置入名詞、形容詞或分詞。
b. 剩餘選項皆符合條件,根據語意,女方能在閏年向男方求婚通常只「限於」二月二十九日當天,且符合 "be restricted to N/V-ing" 的用法,可知答案應選 (J)。

9. As the tradition evolved, it changed to include "penalties" for refusing a woman's offer of marriage.
理由
a. 空格前有所有格 a woman's(一名女性的),而空格後有介詞 of,故知空格應置入名詞。
b. 選項中尚有 (A) offer 及 (K) holds 符合條件,根據語意,隨著傳統演變,其中又加入了拒絕女方「求」婚的處罰,可知答案應選 (A)。

10. In the UK, it's common to gift a woman with a pair of gloves if the man is turning down a proposal.
理由
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 is,而空格後有名詞詞組 a proposal(求婚),故知空格應置入及物動詞或片語動詞的現在分詞形。
b. 選項中有 (D) giving away 及 (I) turning down 符合條件,根據語意,在英國,倘若男方「拒絕」求婚,贈送女方一雙手套是很常見的,可知答案應選 (I)。

1. out of sync  不同步的,不一致的
sync n. 同步;同時發生
• After working for 12 hours, it feels like my brain is out of sync with my body.
工作十二小時之後,我覺得自己的腦袋和身體已經不同步了。

2. (be) based on...  根據/基於……
• The story is based on real events in the author's life.
這個故事是根據作者生活中發生的真實事件所撰寫。

3. protect A from B  保護 A 免受 B 所害
= shield A from B
shield vt. 保護
• The jacket protected me from the freezing cold.
這件夾克幫我抵禦酷寒。

4. regardless of...  不管/無論……
• Companies should hire people based on ability, regardless of their race or religion.
公司應該要依據能力來僱用員工,不論他們的種族或宗教為何。

1. orbit vt. 環繞(天體等的)軌道運行 & n.(天體等的)運行軌道
orbital a. 軌道的
• The satellite will orbit the Earth and take pictures of its surface.
那個人造衛星將繞行地球並拍攝地球表面的照片。

2. exception n. 例外,除外
be no exception  不例外
with the exception of...  除了……之外
• Everyone is subject to the law, and the rich are no exception.
每個人都必須服從法律,有錢人也不例外。
*be subject to...  受制於……(規範)
• With the exception of his bad temper, Jason is quite a nice person.
傑森除了脾氣壞之外,為人倒是挺不錯的。

3. phenomenon n. 現象(單數形)
phenomena n. 現象(複數形)
• A lot of health problems are natural phenomena of aging.
不少健康問題都是老化的自然現象。

4. additional a. 額外的
• Passengers are allowed two pieces of carry-on luggage. Additional bags must be checked in.
乘客只能帶兩件隨身行李。多出來的行李必須托運。

5. unsurprisingly adv. 不足為奇地
• Unsurprisingly, that conservative man is against marriage equality.
那個保守的男子反對婚姻平權一點也不令人意外。

6. propose vi. 求婚 & vt. 提出,提議
propose to sb  向某人求婚
proposal n. 求婚;提議,建議
• Patty was on cloud nine after her boyfriend proposed to her.
佩蒂的男友向她求婚時,她整個人都飛到了九霄雲外。
*be on cloud nine  在九霄雲外(比喻心情很愉快)

7. evolve vi. 演變,發展;進化
evolve from...  從……演變/進化而來
evolve into...  演變/進化成……
• English evolved from many other languages.
英語是從許多其他語言演變而來的。
• Through months of teamwork, our idea finally evolved into a feasible plan.
經過數個月的團隊合作,我們的想法終於化為可行的計畫。

8. penalty n. 處罰,懲罰
the death penalty  死刑
• Our class will have a debate about the death penalty tomorrow morning.
我們班明天早上將舉行一場關於死刑議題的辯論。

9. engagement n. 訂婚
an engagement ring  訂婚戒指
• Jeremy decided to make an announcement about his engagement at the party.
傑瑞米決定在派對上宣布他訂婚的消息。

閏不閏 大學問
  

  儘管典型的日曆中有三百六十五天,但事實上地球要花大約三百六十五又四分之一天才能完整地繞行太陽一周。一點基本的數學計算就能看出每四年會多出一天。為了避免日曆和地球實際的運行軌道週期不同步,我們每隔四年就會在二月加上第二十九天,但也有一些罕見的例外。
  為了容納那一個閏日而加進額外天數、週數或月分的現象在古代曆法之中很常見。現代的公曆根據儒略曆發展而來,每四年就會出現一次閏年。中國農曆和希伯來曆兩者皆為陰陽合曆,有一個完整的閏月。然而,伊斯蘭曆則完全不使用閏年。
  由於是個特別事件,有許多和閏年 ── 特別是閏日 ── 有關的傳統也不足為奇。在一些文化中,閏年被認為會帶來好運。在其他如義大利和俄羅斯的文化裡卻是相反。事實上,臺灣有個古老傳統是,嫁出去的女兒為父母奉上豬腳麵線以保護他們免於厄運。不管好運還是壞運,閏年都被視為不尋常的時機。舉例來說,在許多歐洲國家,閏年是女方能向男方求婚的時候。這通常只限於二月二十九日當天,但在一些情況下,女方一整年均可求婚。隨著傳統演變,其中又加入了拒絕女方求婚的「處罰」。在英國,倘若男方拒絕求婚,贈送女方一雙手套是很常見的。在丹麥則是送十二雙手套。為什麼要送手套呢?因為要用它們來隱瞞女方沒戴訂婚戒指的事實。
答案:
1. E 2. C 3. L 4. B 5. G 6. F 7. H 8. J 9. A 10. I

 

 

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