Racing to Fix Problems, France Braces for Non-Nuclear Winter. 法國核電廠半數搶修 今冬供電拉警報

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2022/12/23 第414期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 Racing to Fix Problems, France Braces for Non-Nuclear Winter. 法國核電廠半數搶修 今冬供電拉警報 FTX's Collapse Casts a Pall on a Philanthropy Movement FTX閃電破產 慈善業前景黯淡

Racing to Fix Problems, France Braces for Non-Nuclear Winter. 法國核電廠半數搶修 今冬供電拉警報 文/Liz Alderman 譯/陳韋廷 法國核電廠半數搶修 今冬供電拉警報 An army of engineers has fanned out through nuclear power plants across France in recent months, inspecting reactors for signs of wear and tear. Hundreds of expert welders have been recruited to repair problems found in cooling circuits. Stress tests are being conducted to check for safety problems. 近幾個月，一隊工程人員在法國各地核電廠展開調查，檢查反應爐磨損跡象，數百名焊工專家被招來修理冷卻電路中的問題。為檢查安全問題，正進行壓力測試。 As Europe braces for a winter without Russian gas, France is moving fast to repair a series of problems plaguing its atomic fleet. A record 26 of its 56 reactors are offline for maintenance or repairs after the worrisome discovery of cracks and corrosion in some pipes used to cool reactor cores. 隨著歐洲面臨沒有俄羅斯天然氣的冬天，法國正迅速採取行動，修復困擾其核電艦隊的一系列問題。在一些用來冷卻爐心的管線出現令人擔憂的裂縫與腐蝕後，56座反應爐中有26座因維護或維修而離線，創下紀錄。 The crisis is upending the role that France has long played as Europe's biggest producer of nuclear energy, raising questions about how much its nuclear power arsenal will be able to help bridge the continent's looming crunch. 這場危機正顛覆法國長期作為歐洲最大核能生產國的角色，令人質疑法國核電廠能發揮多大作用，協助緩解歐陸迫在眉睫的能源短缺。 The state-backed nuclear power operator, Électricité de France, or EDF, which runs France's nuclear power industry, said last week that it was working on an accelerated schedule to get all but 10 reactors running again by January, adding that there were no safety risks and that regulators were monitoring every step. President Emmanuel Macron's government has been pressing the company to improve performance before freezing weather sets in. 國家支持的核能營運商法國電力公司（EDF）上周表示，該公司正加快進度，打算在明年一月前讓10座反應爐以外的所有反應爐恢復運作，並稱此舉不存在安全風險，監管單位正監控每個步驟。法國總統馬克宏政府一直呼籲該公司在寒冷天氣來臨前改善其表現。 "We were faced with an unprecedented situation and have gotten past the worst," Regis Clement, EDF's deputy general manager of nuclear production, said at a briefing. "We are doing our best to play a role in the energy crisis," he added. EDF核能生產部門副總經理克萊蒙在記者會上說：「我們面臨前所未有的形勢，但已度過最糟糕時期。」他說：「我們正盡最大努力在能源危機中發揮作用。」 The troubles facing EDF — a fresh outbreak of safety-related incidents, combined with delays to the company's repair schedule — could not be hitting at a worse time. Russian President Vladimir Putin's tactic of withholding energy to punish countries supporting Ukraine is pushing Europe to transform how it generates and saves power. Countries are banding together to stock additional power supplies, while pushing out major conservation programs. 安全相關事件爆發，加上維修計畫延宕，讓EDF的麻煩在一個不能再糟的時候出現。俄羅斯總統普亭用扣押能源來懲罰支持烏克蘭國家的策略，正推動歐洲改變發電跟節約能源方式。各國聯合起來儲備額外電力供應，同時推出重大節能計畫。 Europe's energy security remains on a thin edge, creating a sense of urgency in France to get its nuclear power program back on track. Macron's government this month introduced a measure in parliament to speed up an ambitious plan to build six mammoth reactors starting in 2028. 歐洲能源安全依舊岌岌可危，這讓法國產生一種讓核電計畫重回正軌的緊迫感。馬克宏政府本月在國會提出一項法案，將加快從2028年起興建6座巨型反應爐的宏大計畫。 　 FTX's Collapse Casts a Pall on a Philanthropy Movement FTX閃電破產 慈善業前景黯淡 文/Nicholas Kulish 譯/陳韋廷 FTX閃電破產 慈善業前景黯淡 In short order, the extraordinary collapse of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX has vaporized billions of dollars of customer deposits, prompted investigations by law enforcement and destroyed the fortune and reputation of the company's founder and CEO, Sam Bankman-Fried. 加密貨幣交易所FTX崩盤，短時間內讓客戶數十億美元存款蒸發，促使執法部門展開調查，並摧毀該公司創辦人兼執行長班克曼佛瑞德的財富與名聲。 It has also dealt a significant blow to the corner of philanthropy known as effective altruism, a philosophy that advocates applying data and evidence to doing the most good for the many and that is deeply tied to Bankman-Fried, one of its leading proponents and donors. Now nonprofits are scrambling to replace millions in grant commitments from Bankman-Fried's charitable vehicles, including the FTX Future Fund, whose grant recipients' work includes pandemic preparedness and artificial intelligence safety. 此事還嚴重打擊被稱為「有效利他主義」的慈善領域，這種哲學主張利用數據與證據為大多數人帶來最大益處，與其主要支持者和捐贈者之一班克曼佛瑞德密切相關。現在，非營利組織正忙著找錢，取代班克曼佛瑞德旗下慈善工具的數百萬美元贈款承諾，其中包括FTX未來基金。該基金的贈款接受者工作項目包括流行病防範與人工智慧安全。 Through a nonprofit called Building a Stronger Future, Bankman-Fried also gave to groups including news organizations ProPublica, Vox and the Intercept. 透過一個名叫「建設更強大未來」的非營利組織，班克曼佛瑞德還捐款給ProPublica、Vox和「攔截」等新聞機構。 In a note to staff members Friday, ProPublica's president, Robin Sparkman, and editor-in-chief, Stephen Engelberg, wrote that the remaining two-thirds of a $5 million grant for reporting on pandemic preparedness and biothreats were on hold. "Building a Stronger Future is assessing its finances and, concurrently, talking to other funders about taking on some of its grant portfolio," they wrote. 在周五寫給員工的一份通知中，ProPublica總裁史帕克曼及總編輯恩格伯格寫道，用於報導疫情防範和生物威脅的500萬美元贈款，剩下三分之二已遭擱置，「『建設更強大未來』正評估其財務狀況，並跟其他金主討論承擔其部分資助組合」。 Bankman-Fried's fall from grace may have cost effective altruist causes billions of dollars in future donations. For a relatively young movement that was wrestling over its growth and focus, such a high-profile scandal implicating one of the group's most famous proponents represents a significant setback. 班克曼佛瑞德的沉淪，恐讓有效利他主義事業未來的捐款損失數十億美元。對一個相對年輕的運動來說，它正努力發展壯大和集中精力，如此引人矚目的醜聞牽涉到該團體最知名支持者之一，這代表著一個重大的挫折。 Effective altruism focuses on the question of how individuals can do as much good as possible with the money and time available to them. 有效利他主義關注的是，個人如何利用自己的金錢和時間盡可能多多行善。 In a few short years, effective altruism went from a somewhat obscure corner of charity favored by philosophy students and social workers to a leading approach to philanthropy for an increasingly powerful cohort of millennial and Gen-Z givers, including Silicon Valley programmers and hedge fund analysts. 有效利他主義在短短幾年內，從哲學系學生跟社會工作者青睞的慈善領域中一個鮮為人知角落，變成一個日益強大的千禧世代與Z世代捐贈群體做慈善的主要方式，包括矽谷程式工程師與避險基金分析師在內。 Facebook and Asana co-founder Dustin Moskovitz and his wife, Cari Tuna, have said they are devoting much of their fortune to effective altruist causes. 臉書與Asana共同創辦人莫斯科維茨及妻子卡莉．圖納表示，他們將把大部分財富用於有效利他主義事業。 "I don't know yet how we'll repair the damage Sam did and harden EA against other bad actors," Moskovitz wrote in a tweet Saturday. "But I know that we're going to try, because the stakes remain painfully high." 莫斯科維茨周六發推文說：「我還不知道我們將怎樣補救山姆造成的傷害，並強化有效利他主義對抗其他壞人，但我知道我們會嘗試，因為一旦失敗風險高到令人痛苦。」

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