2022年6月16日 星期四

In Race for Tuition-Free College, New Mexico Stakes a Claim 全美最大方 新墨西哥州提供州民免費讀大學


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2022/06/17 第387期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 In Race for Tuition-Free College, New Mexico Stakes a Claim 全美最大方 新墨西哥州提供州民免費讀大學
Research Ties Aerosol Levels To Frequency Of Hurricanes 空汙讓颶風變多或變少 端看住處
紐時周報精選
 
In Race for Tuition-Free College, New Mexico Stakes a Claim 全美最大方 新墨西哥州提供州民免費讀大學
文/Simon Romero
譯/陳韋廷

全美最大方 新墨西哥州提供州民免費讀大學

As universities across the United States face steep enrollment declines, New Mexico's government is embarking on a pioneering experiment to fight that trend: tuition-free higher education for all state residents.

隨著美國各地大學入學人數急劇下滑,新墨西哥州政府正著手進行一項開創性實驗來應對這一趨勢:為全州居民提供免學費高等教育。

After President Joe Biden's plan for universal free community college failed to gain traction in Congress, New Mexico, one of the nation's poorest states, has emerged with perhaps the most ambitious plans as states scramble to come up with their own initiatives.

在美國總統拜登的全民免費社區大學計畫未能獲得國會支持後,美國最窮的州之一新墨西哥州提出的計畫,可能是各州爭相提出行動倡議中最具雄心的一個。

A new state law approved in a rare show of bipartisanship allocates almost 1% of the state's budget toward covering tuition and fees at public colleges and universities, community colleges and tribal colleges. All state residents from new high school graduates to adults enrolling part-time will be eligible regardless of family income. The program is also open to immigrants regardless of their immigration status.

一項新的州法在兩黨罕見合作下通過,將州預算的1%用於支付公立大學、社區大學與部落學院的學費。所有州民,從剛畢業的高中生到參加兼職教育的成人都有資格參加,無論家庭收入。該計畫也向移民開放,無論他們的移民身分如何。

Some legislators and other critics question whether there should have been income caps and whether the state, newly flush with oil and gas revenue, can secure long-term funding to support the program beyond its first year. The legislation, which seeks to treat college as a public resource similar to primary and secondary education, takes effect in July.

一些議員和其他批評人士質疑是否應設所得限制,以及剛獲大量石油與天然氣收入的該州是否能在計畫實施第一年後,獲得長期資金支持。這項立法將於7月生效,旨在將大學視為與中小學教育類似的公共資源。

Although nearly half the states have embraced similar initiatives that seek to cover at least some tuition expenses for some students, New Mexico's law goes further by covering tuition and fees before other scholarships and sources of financial aid are applied, enabling students to use those other funds for expenses such as lodging, food or child care.

儘管近半的州已採取類似舉措,想幫一些學生支付至少部分學費和雜費,新墨西哥州法律更進一步,在申請其他獎學金和學費補助前,先支付學雜費,讓學生能使用其他資金,支付如住宿、食物或兒童照顧等費用。

"The New Mexico program is very close to ideal," said Michael Dannenberg, vice president of strategic initiatives and higher education policy at the nonprofit advocacy group Education Reform Now. Considering the state's income levels and available resources, he added that New Mexico's program is among the most generous in the country.

非營利倡議組織Education Reform Now策略倡議暨高教政策副總裁丹能貝格說:「新墨西哥的計畫非常貼近理想。」他表示,考量收入水準與可用資源,新墨西哥州的計畫是全美最慷慨的。

Dannenberg emphasized that New Mexico is going beyond what larger, more prosperous states like Washington and Tennessee have already done. Programs in other states often limit tuition assistance to community colleges, exclude some residents because of family income or impose conditions requiring students to work part time.

丹能貝格強調,新墨西哥州正超越華盛頓和田納西這些更大、更繁榮的州所做的事。其他州通常限制對社區大學的學費補助,因家庭收入排除一些州民,或要求學生兼職。

 
Research Ties Aerosol Levels To Frequency Of Hurricanes 空汙讓颶風變多或變少 端看住處
文/Henry Fountain
譯/李京倫

空汙讓颶風變多或變少 端看住處

Global warming can affect hurricanes, in part because a warmer ocean provides more energy to fuel them. But it is not the only factor in play: A study confirms that, for the frequency of hurricanes, the effects of particulate air pollution are even greater.

全球暖化能影響颶風,部分是因為更溫暖的海水提供更多能量促進颶風形成。不過這不是唯一起作用的因素:一份研究證實,就颶風頻率而言,微粒空氣汙染的效應甚至更大。

Over the past four decades, the new research shows, the decline in pollution in the form of tiny aerosol particles from transportation, energy production and industry in North America and Europe was responsible for the increased numbers of hurricanes and other tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic.

這份新研究顯示,過去四十年,北美和歐洲源自運輸、發電與工業並以迷你氣膠粒子形式呈現的汙染減少,是北大西洋颶風和其他熱帶氣旋數量增加的原因。

Over the same period, increasing pollution from the growing economies of India and China had the opposite effect, reducing hurricane activity in the western North Pacific, the study found.

研究顯示,同一期間,崛起經濟體印度和中國大陸日漸嚴重的汙染,起了相反作用,使北太平洋西部颶風活動減少。

A growing body of research has shown links between tropical cyclones and global warming.

愈來愈多研究顯示,熱帶氣旋與全球暖化有關。

The new study looked at the numbers, not the strength, of these kinds of storms. Its author, Hiroyuki Murakami, said it shows that reducing or increasing anthropogenic aerosols "is the most important component" affecting frequency.

這份新研究關注這幾種風暴的數量而非強度。作者村上裕之說,研究顯示,人類活動引起的氣膠減少或增加,是影響颶風頻率「最重要的部分」。

In recent decades, aerosol pollution has declined, perhaps by as much as 50%, in North America and Europe as a result of laws and regulations that reduce emissions from sources like vehicles and power plants. Hurricane seasons in the North Atlantic over roughly the same period have been more active, with a greater number of storms, than in previous decades.

最近幾十年,北美和歐洲氣膠汙染減少,可能少了一半之多,原因是法律及規範減少了車輛與電廠等來源的排放。大約同一時期的北大西洋颶風季比先前數十年更活躍,生成更多風暴。

In the North Atlantic, Murakami found, the decline in aerosols led to warming that had two effects on tropical cyclones. First, less pollution resulted in more ocean warming, which meant there was more energy for storms to form.

村上發現,在北大西洋,氣膠減少引起暖化,對熱帶氣旋產生兩個效應。其一,汙染變少致海水更暖,意味有更多能量可供風暴形成。

The pollution decline led to warming of the land as well, and the combined warming affected atmospheric circulation, weakening winds in the upper atmosphere. That in turn led to less wind shear, the changes in wind speed and direction that can affect how cyclonic storms develop. Less wind shear meant that storms formed more readily.

汙染減少也使陸地變暖,而兩種暖化結合影響了大氣環流,削弱高層大氣的風,因此使風切變弱。風切就是能影響氣旋風暴如何發展的風速和風向。風切減弱意味風暴形成更迅速。

Murakami's simulations showed a different mechanism at work in the Pacific. There, he found, increasing aerosol pollution, largely from China and India, led to cooling of the land surface. This reduced the temperature difference between the land and ocean, weakening the monsoonal winds that develop there. That, in turn, led to fewer tropical cyclones, including typhoons, the Pacific equivalent of hurricanes.

村上的模擬顯示,在太平洋有一種不同的機制在運作。他發現,主要來自大陸和印度日漸增加的氣膠汙染,使地表降溫。這減少了陸地與海洋的溫差,削弱了在當地發展的季風,因此導致熱帶氣旋變少,包括在太平洋地區等同於颶風的颱風。

 
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